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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022A 15-month-old male neutered Wirehaired Pointer mixed-breed dog presented with fever and cervical pain. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed neutrophilic...
A 15-month-old male neutered Wirehaired Pointer mixed-breed dog presented with fever and cervical pain. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed neutrophilic pleocytosis with intracellular bacteria, and culture of CSF grew . The patient became non-ambulatory 3 days after CSF collection. He was treated with low-dose prednisone for 3.5 months and doxycycline for 1 year. Recheck CSF analysis 1 month after diagnosis showed reduction of inflammation and 3 months after diagnosis revealed only increased protein. The patient improved neurologically over several months and was weakly ambulatory 5 months and fully ambulatory 7 months after diagnosis. Whole genome sequencing of the bacterial isolate and a live modified intranasal vaccine similar to the one the dog had been vaccinated with 7 weeks before diagnosis was similar but not an exact match. Bacterial meningitis should be considered, and culture of CSF is recommended, in cases of neutrophilic pleocytosis of CSF.
PubMed: 35450135
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.852982 -
Journal of Investigative Medicine High... 2018infection is a common cause of pneumonia in animals but rarely causes disease in humans. Additionally, coinfection with is very uncommon and is occasionally seen in...
infection is a common cause of pneumonia in animals but rarely causes disease in humans. Additionally, coinfection with is very uncommon and is occasionally seen in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We report a case of a 61-year-old HIV-negative man, who presented with hypoxic respiratory failure 2 days after completion of systemic intravenous antibiotic treatment for His past medical history was significant for a benign thymoma. The patient was found to be coinfected with and Laboratory results showed panhypogammaglobulinemia and low absolute B- and CD4 T-cells. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with Good's syndrome. However, despite treatment with intravenous antibiotics and intravenous immunoglobulin, the patient continued to deteriorate and expired. This patient demonstrates the importance of recognizing this rare immunodeficiency early in order to improve morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, this case highlights the importance of early immunoglobulin screening in the presence of asymptomatic thymoma.
PubMed: 30283805
DOI: 10.1177/2324709618802869 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2018Intranasally administered live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines provide significant protection against heterologous influenza A virus (IAV) challenge. However,...
Intranasally administered live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines provide significant protection against heterologous influenza A virus (IAV) challenge. However, LAIV administration can modify the bacterial microbiota in the upper respiratory tract, including alterations in species that cause pneumonia. We sought to evaluate the effect of colonization on LAIV immunogenicity and efficacy in swine, and the impact of LAIV and IAV challenge on colonization and disease. LAIV immunogenicity was not significantly impacted by colonization, but protective efficacy against heterologous IAV challenge in the upper respiratory tract was impaired. Titers of IAV in the nose and trachea of pigs that received LAIV were significantly reduced when compared to non-vaccinated, challenged controls, regardless of infection. Pneumonia scores were higher in pigs colonized with and challenged with IAV, but this was regardless of LAIV vaccination status. While LAIV vaccination provided significant protection against heterologous IAV challenge, the protection was not sterilizing and IAV replicated in the respiratory tract of all LAIV vaccinated pig. The interaction between IAV, , and host led to development of acute-type B. bronchiseptica lesions in the lung. Thus, the data presented do not negate the efficacy of LAIV vaccination, but instead indicate that controlling colonization in swine could limit the negative interaction between IAV and on swine health.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Cross Protection; Humans; Influenza A virus; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Lung; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Swine; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 30337924
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02255 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2023Colonization resistance, also known as pathogen interference, describes the ability of a colonizing microbe to interfere with the ability of an incoming microbe to...
Colonization resistance, also known as pathogen interference, describes the ability of a colonizing microbe to interfere with the ability of an incoming microbe to establish infection, and in the case of pathogenic organisms, cause disease in a susceptible host. Furthermore, colonization-associated dysbiosis of the commensal microbiota can alter host immunocompetence and infection outcomes. Here, we investigated the role of Bordetella bronchiseptica nasal colonization and associated disruption of the nasal microbiota on the ability of influenza A virus to establish infection in the murine upper respiratory tract. Targeted sequencing of the microbial 16S rRNA gene revealed that B. bronchiseptica colonization of the nasal cavity efficiently displaced the resident commensal microbiota-the peak of this effect occurring 7 days postcolonization-and was associated with reduced influenza associated-morbidity and enhanced recovery from influenza-associated clinical disease. Anti-influenza A virus hemagglutinin-specific humoral immune responses were not affected by B. bronchiseptica colonization, although the cellular influenza PA-specific CD8 immune responses were dampened. Notably, influenza A virus replication in the nasal cavity was negated in B. bronchiseptica-colonized mice. Collectively, this work demonstrates that B. bronchiseptica-mediated pathogen interference prevents influenza A virus replication in the murine nasal cavity. This may have direct implications for controlling influenza A virus replication in, and transmission events originating from, the upper respiratory tract. The interplay of microbial species in the upper respiratory tract is important for the ability of an incoming pathogen to establish and, in the case of pathogenic organisms, cause disease in a host. Here, we demonstrate that B. bronchiseptica efficiently colonizes and concurrently displaces the commensal nasal cavity microbiota, negating the ability of influenza A virus to establish infection. Furthermore, B. bronchiseptica colonization also reduced influenza-associated morbidity and enhanced recovery from influenza-associated disease. Collectively, this study indicates that B. bronchiseptica-mediated interference prevents influenza A virus replication in the upper respiratory tract. This result demonstrates the potential for respiratory pathogen-mediated interference to control replication and transmission dynamics of a clinically important respiratory pathogen like influenza A virus.
PubMed: 36728413
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04735-22 -
Journal of Bacteriology Sep 2019Bacteria can be motile and planktonic or, alternatively, sessile and participating in the biofilm mode of growth. The transition between these lifestyles can be...
Bacteria can be motile and planktonic or, alternatively, sessile and participating in the biofilm mode of growth. The transition between these lifestyles can be regulated by a second messenger, cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP). High intracellular c-di-GMP concentration correlates with biofilm formation and motility inhibition in most bacteria, including , which causes respiratory tract infections in mammals and forms biofilms in infected mice. We previously described the diguanylate cyclase BdcA as involved in c-di-GMP synthesis and motility regulation in ; here, we further describe the mechanism whereby BdcA is able to regulate motility and biofilm formation. Amino acid replacement of GGDEF with GGAAF in BdcA is consistent with the conclusion that diguanylate cyclase activity is necessary for biofilm formation and motility regulation, although we were unable to confirm the stability of the mutant protein. In the absence of the gene, showed enhanced motility, strengthening the hypothesis that BdcA regulates motility in We showed that c-di-GMP-mediated motility inhibition involved regulation of flagellin expression, as high c-di-GMP levels achieved by expressing BdcA significantly reduced the level of flagellin protein. We also demonstrated that protein BB2109 is necessary for BdcA activity, motility inhibition, and biofilm formation. Finally, absence of the gene affected bacterial infection, implicating BdcA-regulated functions as important for bacterium-host interactions. This work supports the role of c-di-GMP in biofilm formation and motility regulation in , as well as its impact on pathogenesis. Pathogenesis of spp., like that of a number of other pathogens, involves biofilm formation. Biofilms increase tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors and are proposed as reservoirs of microbes for transmission to other organs (trachea, lungs) or other hosts. Bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger that regulates transition between biofilm and planktonic lifestyles. In , high c-di-GMP levels inhibit motility and favor biofilm formation. In the present work, we characterized a diguanylate cyclase, BdcA, which regulates motility and biofilm formation and affects the ability of to colonize the murine respiratory tract. These results provide us with a better understanding of how can infect a host.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Movement; Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 31209073
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00011-19 -
Infection and Immunity Oct 2019is an etiologic agent of respiratory diseases in animals and humans. Despite the widespread use of veterinary vaccines, there is limited information on their...
is an etiologic agent of respiratory diseases in animals and humans. Despite the widespread use of veterinary vaccines, there is limited information on their composition and relative efficacy and on the immune responses that they elicit. Furthermore, human vaccines are not available. We leveraged the dual antigenic and adjuvant functions of colonization factor A (BcfA) to develop acellular vaccines in the absence of an additional adjuvant. BALB/c mice immunized with BcfA alone or a trivalent vaccine containing BcfA and the antigens FHA and Prn were equally protected against challenge with a prototype strain. The trivalent vaccine protected mice significantly better than the canine vaccine Bronchicine and provided protection against a strain isolated from a dog with kennel cough. Th1/17-polarized immune responses correlate with long-lasting protection against bordetellae and other respiratory pathogens. Notably, BcfA strongly attenuated the Th2 responses elicited by FHA and Prn, resulting in Th1/17-skewed responses in inherently Th2-skewed BALB/c mice. Thus, BcfA functions as both an antigen and an adjuvant, providing protection as a single-component vaccine. BcfA-adjuvanted vaccines may improve the efficacy and durability of vaccines against bordetellae and other pathogens.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bacterial Vaccines; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Dogs; Female; Humans; Immunization; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Th1 Cells; Th1-Th2 Balance; Th17 Cells; Th2 Cells; Virulence Factors, Bordetella
PubMed: 31308083
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00506-19 -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Apr 2015Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) has long been causally associated with respiratory disease in dogs. Parenteral and intranasal vaccines for this pathogen have been in... (Review)
Review
Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) has long been causally associated with respiratory disease in dogs. Parenteral and intranasal vaccines for this pathogen have been in common use since their development in the late 1970s and early 1980s and recently a commercial oral Bb vaccine has become available. Overall, the literature (comprising experimental infection models and field studies) documents the efficacy of these vaccines in stimulating disease-sparing mucosal and systemic immune responses that can be associated with reduced growth of Bb in vivo. However, many of the published studies are limited by flaws in experimental design, most notably a failure to consider the biological and statistical implications of the 'pen effect'. Many questions related to the longevity of vaccine induced immunity against Bb and the impact of natural exposure on herd immunity remain unanswered.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Dog Diseases; Dogs
PubMed: 25747699
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.006 -
BMJ Case Reports Apr 2018We report the case of a 35-year-old quadriplegic male with confirmed pneumonia, manifesting with acute hypoxic respiratory failure on a background of chronic... (Review)
Review
We report the case of a 35-year-old quadriplegic male with confirmed pneumonia, manifesting with acute hypoxic respiratory failure on a background of chronic hypercarbia requiring mechanical ventilation in intensive care. are known to colonise the upper respiratory tracts of many mammals but are very rarely responsible for acute respiratory tract infections in humans.A review of the literature suggests preponderance for immunocompromised or immunoincompetent patients who have experienced environmental exposure to colonised animals. The disease pattern of infection is non-uniform and while it is rarely described as a commensal or colonising organism, very few case reports describe severe respiratory infections.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Dogs; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Male; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Quadriplegia; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Insufficiency
PubMed: 29703836
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224588 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology Jul 2022Doxorubicin (DOX) and vincristine (VC) are anti-cancer drugs commonly used for lymphoma in veterinary and human medicine. However, there are several side effects caused...
Doxorubicin (DOX) and vincristine (VC) are anti-cancer drugs commonly used for lymphoma in veterinary and human medicine. However, there are several side effects caused by these drugs. In this study, the protective effects of sonicated bacterin (sBb) on dendritic cells (DCs) damaged by two anti-cancer drugs were investigated. DCs play important roles in the innate and adaptive immunity of hosts, especially activating T cells that can suppress tumor growth. The metabolic activity of DCs significantly increased after the treatment with sBb compared to that of control DCs. In addition, there was a marked change in mitochondrial integrity between DOX-treated DC and DOX + sBb-treated DCs. Flow cytometric analysis also demonstrated that sBb upregulated the expression of the surface markers of DCs, particularly CD54. In mixed lymphocyte responses, sBb significantly increased the antigen-presenting capability of DCs. In particular, sBb increased the capability of control DCs by approximately 150% and that of VC-treated DCs by 221%. These results suggest that sBb can be used as a potential immunostimulatory agent to protect DCs from anti-cancer drug-induced damage and provide fundamental information about using a combination of DCs and vincristine in immunotherapy.
PubMed: 35877437
DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070213 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016Canine adenovirus 2, parainfluenza, and Bordetella bronchiseptica cause respiratory disease in dogs, and each has a modified live intranasal vaccine available. Molecular... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
Canine adenovirus 2, parainfluenza, and Bordetella bronchiseptica cause respiratory disease in dogs, and each has a modified live intranasal vaccine available. Molecular diagnostic assays to amplify specific nucleic acids are available for each of these agents. If positive molecular diagnostic assay results are common after vaccination, the positive predictive value of the diagnostic assays for disease would be decreased.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the impact of administration of commercially available modified live topical adenovirus 2, B. bronchiseptica, and parainfluenza vaccine has on the results of a commercially available PCR panel.
ANIMALS
Eight puppies from a research breeding facility negative for these pathogens.
METHODS
Blinded prospective pilot study. Puppies were vaccinated with a single dose of modified live topical adenovirus 2, B. bronchiseptica, and parainfluenza and parenteral dose of adenovirus 2, canine distemper virus, and parvovirus. Nasal and pharyngeal swabs were collected on multiple days and submitted for PCR assay.
RESULTS
Nucleic acids of all 3 organisms contained in the topical vaccine were detected from both samples multiple times through 28 days after vaccination with higher numbers of positive samples detected between days 3 and 10 after vaccination.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Vaccine status should be considered when interpreting respiratory agent PCR results if modified live vaccines have been used. Development of quantitative PCR and wild-type sequencing are necessary to improve positive predictive value of these assays by distinguishing vaccinate from natural infection.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Administration, Topical; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; DNA, Bacterial; Distemper Virus, Canine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Parainfluenza Vaccines; Parvovirus; Pilot Projects; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 26692461
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13821